Physics-Mathematics Teachers’ Training Program 2023/24

This training course is a unique hybrid designed for honing high-school level math-physics skills by combining internet materials with personalized testing. Some lab work will also be performed.

All trainees are required to abide by the following rules.

1. Every Monday (or earlier) a new teaching module will be uploaded onto the TBH website. These materials pre-exist on the internet and have been carefully repackaged for maximum coherence. All videos must be fully watched and understood. There may also be some helpful notes.

2. All practice problems must be attempted but they will not be graded. Instead the trainee may expect to be questioned on any of these.

3. Given the internet based nature of instruction only trainees owning a laptop or having access to one can participate in the program.

4. Every week the trainee will be extensively examined on the topic of the previous week. Each must be prepared to deliver a lecture to the examiners as though she/he is addressing a class. The examiners may choose to invite other persons as well, including high school students. The trainee should anticipate being questioned by anyone present. However the atmosphere will be friendly and designed to accelerate learning.

5. The trainee will book her/his slot for the weekly examination by contacting the designated person at TBH. If for some exceptional reason an exam must be skipped, explicit permission must be obtained from this person.

6. Every successful examination will be rewarded with a simple checkmark signifying a pass. No marks will be assigned. After four checkmarks the trainee will be eligible for receiving a payment by crossed cheque of Rs. 40,000. No payment will be made until four checkmarks have been attained.

7. If an examination does not yield a checkmark the trainee will be allowed to repeat the module one more time. If this also does not result in a checkmark it will be at the examiners discretion whether the trainee should be terminated or given yet another chance.

8. All trainee examinations will be held in the TBH auditorium. Lab work will be done in the TBH children’s lab on the top floor.

9. The training course duration is 48 weeks. Those who complete all 48 modules will receive a certificate from The Black Hole. The certificate will state that the trainee has been found able and competent to teach physics and mathematics as per best international standards for all classes up to and including class twelve.

Topics 

1. The scope of physics
2. The scientific method
3. Physics and common sense
4. Orders of magnitude
5. Dimensions of physical quantities
6. Dimensional analysis in biology

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Overview of physics (click for video)
2. Order of magnitude (click for video)
3. Dimensions in biology (click for video)
4. Dimensions in city planning (click for video)

Notes

These are supplementary and do not contain all that is in the above videos.

Exercises

Compulsory. If you have difficulty answering a problem then search the internet or ask ChatGPT. If all else fails contact your tutor before the scheduled examination.

Instructions for Module 2 

This module will be a systematic introduction to some basic concepts in mathematics. Our goal will be to learn calculus and then ultimately apply it to physical problems.

 Topics

 Review of numbers

1. Function, domain, and range
2. Sums and products of functions
3. Composite functions (function of a function)
4. Inverse functions
5. Basics of plotting functions
6. Functions that are defined piecewise
7. Trigonometric functions
8. The case of sin(1/x)
9. How to plot an unplottable function

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Numbers and functions (English, Urdu)
2. Graphs of functions – I (English, Urdu)
3. Graphs of functions – II (English, Urdu)

Notes

The parts you must read are here. They have been extracted from Paul Dawkins comprehensive calculus course. For your future reference the full book is available here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to the one of these.

Instructions for Module 3 

This module will be a semi-rigourous but systematic introduction to limits and continuity followed by differentiation.

Topics

1. An intuitive approach to limits
2. Continuous and discontinuous functions
3. Gradients and tangents
4. Differentiation
5. Differentiable and non-differentiable functions
6. Higher derivatives
7. The derivative of a sum of functions
8. The derivative of a product of functions
9. The derivative of a ratio of functions
10. The derivative of a composition of functions
11. The chain rule 

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Limits and continuity – I (English, Urdu)
2. Limits and continuity – II (English, Urdu)
3. Differentiation – I (English, Urdu)
4. Differentiation – II (English, Urdu)

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here. They have been extracted from Paul Dawkins comprehensive calculus course. For your future reference the full book is available here. 

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 4 

This module will use the concept of derivative to discover some facts about functions. 

Topics

1. The maximum and minimum of a function
2. Inflection points
3. Mean Value Theorem and Rolle’s Theorem
4. Exponentials and logarithms
5. Applications
6. Taylor series 

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Maxima and minima (English, Urdu)
2. Essential calculus theorems (English, Urdu)
3. The exponential function (English, Urdu)
4. Expanding a function (English, Urdu)

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here. They have been extracted from Paul Dawkins comprehensive calculus course. For your future reference the full book is available here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions given here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In your weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely related to one of these.

Instructions for Module 5

This module will cover the basics of integration and various integration techniques. 

Topics

1. The integral as the anti-derivative
2. Some common integrals
3. Integration and the area under a curve
4. Upper and lower sums
5. Functions that can be integrated
6. Functions that cannot be integrated
7. Integration tricks
8. Partial fractions
9. Completing the square
10. Differentiating under the integral sign

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Integration – I (English, Urdu)
2. Integration – II (English, Urdu)
3. Integration tricks – I (English, Urdu)
4. Integration tricks – II (English, Urdu)

Notes

The parts you must read are here. They have been extracted from Paul Dawkins comprehensive calculus course. For your future reference the full book is available here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions given here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In your weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely related to one of these.

Instructions for Module 6 

This module will be an introduction to complex numbers, sequences and series.

Topics

1. Complex numbers
2. Argand diagrams and Euler’s representation
3. Infinite sequences and functions
4. Convergence/divergence of a sequence
5. Sequences of partial sums
6. Summation of series
7. Convergence/divergence of a series
8. Alternating series

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Complex numbers (English, Urdu)
2. Sequences (English, Urdu)
3. Series (English, Urdu)

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here. They have been extracted both from resources shared by the Centre for Innovation in Mathematics Teaching and from Paul Dawkins calculus course. For your future reference Dawkins book is available here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions given here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In your weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely related to one of these.

Instructions for Module 7

This module will show how integrals can be calculated numerically and explore how they can be used in various practical applications.

Topics

1. Numerical integration
2. Length of a curve
3. Areas and volumes
4. Parametric curves

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Numerical integration  (English, Urdu)
2. Length of a curve (English, Urdu)
3. Areas and volumes (English, Urdu)
4. Parametric curves (English, Urdu)

Notes

The parts you must read are here, here, and here. They have been taken from Paul Dawkins calculus course. For your future reference Dawkins book is available here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions given here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In your weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely related to one of these.

Instructions for Module 8

This module will be an introduction to scalars and vectors that begins initially with a geometric approach and then goes on to an algebraic approach. Thereafter vector valued functions will be introduced and we will learn how to differentiate and integrate them.

Topics

1. Scalars, vectors viewed geometrically
2. Addition, dot product, cross-product
3. The algebraic approach
4. Vector-valued functions
5. Differentiation of vector functions
6. Moving basis vectors
7. Integration of vector functions

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Scalar and vectors (English, Urdu)
2. Vector valued functions (English, Urdu)

Notes

The parts you must read are here. They have been extracted from Paul Dawkins comprehensive calculus course. For your future reference the full book is available here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions given here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to the one of these.

Instructions for Module 9 

This module will be a short introduction to first and second order differential equations. The subject is vast but we can only touch some forms commonly encountered in physics. 

Topics

1. First order DE’s
2. Numerical approximation
3. Separable FE’s, standard form
4. Integrating factors, solved examples
5. Second order DE’s
6. Linear independence, Wronskian 

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. First order ODE-I (English, Urdu)
2. First order ODE-II (English, Urdu)
3. Second order ODE’s
4. Second order ODE’s

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here. They have been extracted from Paul Dawkins differential equations course. For your future reference the full book is available here. 

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions given here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In your weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely related to one of these.

Instructions for Module 10

This module will be a short introduction to linear algebra focusing largely on simultaneous equations, matrices, and determinants.

Topics

1. Linear systems, Gaussian elimination
2. Matrices and determinants
3. Linear vector spaces

Videos

No particular videos are recommended for this module. However, if you find some helpful video please share it with your colleagues.

Notes

The short book on linear algebra that you must read is here. Read those parts needed for solving the questions. The rest is optional. 

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions given here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In your weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely related to one of these.

Instructions for Module 11 

This module is the first of two introducing probability theory. 

Topics

1. Random experiments, sample space and events
2. Sets, Venn diagrams, probability axioms
3. Factorials, Pascal’s triangle, counting outcomes
4. Conditional probability, Probability trees, Bayes’ Rule
5. Different kinds of random variables 

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Probability-I (English, Urdu)
2. Probability-II (English, Urdu)
3. Probability-III (English, Urdu)

Notes

We will use the book by Grinstead and Snell attached here. It is more detailed than required so read the topics covered in the video lectures. You are welcome to use additional materials from anywhere else. 

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 12 

This module contains more than the usual amount of material, i.e. four videos of approximately one hour each that will have to be fully absorbed. For this reason, as an exception, exercises will be omitted. Instead during the evaluation you will be asked to explain the concepts in the videos and to redo the problems solved therein, possibly in somewhat changed form.

Topics

• Variance and standard variation
• Cumulative Distribution Function, continuous random variables
• Central Limit Theorem with applications
• The random walk problem
• Markov chains

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Probability-IV (English, Urdu)
2. Probability-VIII (English, Urdu)
3. Probability-IX (English, Urdu)
4. Probability-X (English, Urdu)

Notes

We will use the book by Grinstead and Snell attached here. It is more detailed than required so read the topics covered in the video lectures. You are welcome to use additional materials from anywhere else.

Instructions for Module 13 

This module will be an introduction to Newtonian mechanics and related concepts such as momentum and mechanical energy.

Topics

1. Laws of motion, force and acceleration, equilibrium
2. Different types of forces
3. Friction, fluid resistance, weight
4. Work and energy
5. Applications to simple systems

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Force and Newton’s Laws
2. Applications of Newton’s Laws – I
3. Applications of Newton’s Laws – II
4. Work and Energy

Notes

The parts of Physics 101 (Virtual University) notes you must read are here.

Exercises and Solutions

There are questions at the end of each chapter in the notes. These are straightforward but you must make sure you know how to address them. In addition you must attempt all questions here. These are of a higher level than in the notes. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 14 

This module continues with basic Newtonian mechanics with the principle of energy conservation, momentum of simple physical systems, elastic and inelastic collisions, and systems with many particles. 

Topics

1. Kinetic and potential energy
2. Relation between force and potential
3. Momentum definition and examples
4. Impulse of a force
5. Elastic and inelastic collisions
6. Centre of mass 

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Conservation of energy
2. Momentum
3. Collisions
4. Physics of many particles

Notes

The parts of Physics 101 (Virtual University) notes you must read are here. Use supplemental books as per your preference. 

Exercises and Solutions

There are questions at the end of each chapter in the notes. These are straightforward but you must make sure you know how to address them. In addition you must attempt all questions here. These are of a higher level than in the notes. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 15 

This module focuses on rotational motion. There are many interesting things to be learned here including kinematics in a rotating frame such as the earth, how to hold a baseball or cricket bat, the concept of fictitious forces generally known called the centrifugal, centripetal, and Coriolis force. You must be familiar with all parts of the two sets of notes, particularly the concept of the unit vectors r and theta that rotate. 

Topics

1. Unit tangent velocity vector, acceleration
2. Moving basis vectors
3. Motion in polar coordinates
4. Torque, angular momentum and its conservation
5. Equilibrium requirements
6. Moment of inertia 

The first set of notes is from Classical Mechanics by R. Douglas Gregory. It can be found here. The second is from the VU lectures of the videos below.

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Angular momentum
2. Equilibrium of rigid bodies

 Exercises and Solutions

There are questions at the end of each chapter in the notes. These are straightforward but you must make sure you know how to address them. In addition you must attempt all questions here. These are of a higher level than in the notes. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions on the blackboard, or perhaps be asked a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 16

This module deals in experimental work.

Essential readings can be found here and here. To deepen your understanding, explore additional resources available online or in relevant literature.

Instructions for Module 17

This module will look at oscillatory or self-repeating motion. While this will be done in the context of mechanical systems, the extension to electrical and optical systems is immediate.    

Topics

1. Time period, frequency, phase, amplitude
2. Restoring force, energy balance in an oscillation
3. Oscillations of rotating systems, centre of gyration
4. Adding together two simple harmonic motions
5. Lissajous figures
6. Damped SHO
7. Normal modes (for demonstrations see videos 3,4,5)

 Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Oscillations-I
2. Oscillations-II
3. Resonance-I
4. Resonance-II
5. Resonance-III

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions in the VU lectures as well as the ones here. Solutions for the latter can be found in Classical Mechanics by R. Douglas Gregory (see Module#15).

Instructions for Module 18

This module will look at basic characterizations of solids and fluids, i.e. systems of atoms that are bound together by inter-atomic forces. We first consider non-rigid objects with physical properties such as elasticity, plasticity, compressibility, shear strength, etc. We will then look at basic fluid mechanics. The number of practical applications in engineering, biology, and medicine are huge. 

Topics

1. Stress, strain, elastic modulus, shear modulus, bulk modulus
2. Pressure versus depth relationship
3. Fluid flow, laminar versus turbulent flow
4. Buoyancy, Archimedes’ Principle
5. Bernoulli’s equation and application 

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Physics of Materials
2. Physics of Fluids

Notes

The parts you must read are here (VU notes) and here (from the book by Serway and Jewett).

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions in the VU lectures as well as the ones here. Some solutions are provided but do not look at them until you have exhausted yourself or want to check your answer.

Instructions for Module 19 

This module will cover sound and waves. 

Topics

1. Sound as longitudinal vibrations
2. Wave propagation, wave equation
3. Doppler effect
4. Harmonics, interference
5. Basic Fourier analysis

Videos

Watch all videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Make sure you master the applets because you may be asked to demonstrate their key features in class.

1. Physics of sound
2. Wave motion
3. Normal modes
4. Waves intro
5. Wave interference
6. Wave on a string
7. Fourier: making waves

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here. The first is PH’s VU lecture notes and the second is from Serway and Jewett. 

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions in the PH notes. In addition solve the ones given here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In your weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely related to one of these.

Instructions for Module 20

This module will be about gravity and the motion of bodies subjected to a central force field. Applications will be made to planetary and space dynamics.

Topics

1. Gravitational force, gravitational potential
2. Calculation of potentials and forces in simple geometries
3. Simple gravitometer
4. Motion in a central force, angular momentum conservation
5. Radial equation, planetary orbits
6. Hyperbolic orbits and scattering

 Videos

Watch the videos below carefully and make sure you understand every point. Feel free to watch other videos that you can locate on the above topics.

1. Gravity
2. Orbital motion-1
3. Orbital motion-2
4. Orbital motion-3
5. Orbital motion-4
6. Orbital motion-5

The last three above are applets and good fun. You may be asked to demonstrate them in class and explain the principles.

Notes

The notes you must read are here (VU lecture) and here (from Classical Mechanics by Gregory). 

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all questions in the VU notes and here. Do not click on the solution until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 21

This module will introduce basic concepts of heat and thermodynamics. 

Topics

1. Heat, temperature, thermometers
2. Laws of thermodynamics
3. Internal energy, thermodynamic variables
4. Enthalpy and its uses
5. Heat capacities
6. Isothermal and adiabatic processes 

Videos

Watch all thermodynamics videos modules 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 over here.

Notes

The parts you must read are from the VU lectures and Serway & Jewett. See here and here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all in the VU notes and here. Do not click on the solution (where given) until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 22

This module deals in experimental work.

Essential reading can be found here. To deepen your understanding, explore additional resources available online or in relevant literature.

Instructions for Module 23

This module deals in experimental work.

Essential reading can be found here and here. To deepen your understanding, explore additional resources available online or in relevant literature.

Instructions for Module 24 

This module will cover the concept of entropy, second law of thermodynamics, engine efficiency.

Topics

1. Reversible and irreversible processes
2. Carnot engine, closed cycles
3. Efficiency of engines and heat pumps
4. Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics
5. Connection of entropy with microscopic states
6. Entropy changes in mixed systems

Videos

Watch the three thermodynamics videos modules 1.5, 2.1, and 2.2 over here.

Notes

The parts you must read are from Serway & Jewett. See here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems here. Do not click on the solution (where given) until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 25 

This module will cover the concept of free energies with application to chemical reactions, phase transitions, basics of black body radiation, and photons in an expanding universe. 

Topics

1. Helmholtz and Gibbs free energy
2. Application to chemical reactions
3. Chemical potential
4. Phase transitions
5. Clausius-Clapeyron Equation – derivation
6. First and second order phase transitions
7. Black Body basics (Planck, Stefan-Boltzmann, Wien)
8. Thermodynamics of the expanding universe 

Videos

Watch the three thermodynamics videos modules 2.3, 2.4, and 2.5 over here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems here. Do not click on the solution (where given) until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 26 

This module will cover electrostatics, the starting point of which is Coulomb’s Law. The concept of flux will lead to Gauss’s Law followed by computation of potentials and electric fields in simple geometries, capacitance, etc. 

Topics

1. Coulomb’s law, electric field concept
2. Flux of a vector field, Gauss’s law
3. Dipoles, quadrupoles
4. Potential energy, equipotential surfaces
5. Capacitors, dielectrics 

Videos

Watch the four Virtual University video lectures 22, 23, 24, 25 over here.

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems here. Some solutions are here. Do not click on the solution (where given) until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 27 

This module will cover electric current flow, resistance, power, the effect of magnetic fields upon moving charges, basic magnetostatics, and some preliminary ideas of magnetic field generation by currents. 

Topics

1. Definition of current, Ohm’s law, Kirchoff’s laws
2. RC circuits, time constants
3. Magnetic field effect on charges
4. Magnetic fields produced by simple current configurations
5. Magnetic moments, force on magnetic dipole 

Videos

Watch the Virtual University video lectures 26, 27 here.

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems in the VU notes and here. Some solutions for the latter are here. Do not click on the solution (where given) until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module # 28 

This module will cover basic electrodynamics. Whereas the previous module had considered only static charges and currents, we will now allow the charges to move and even to accelerate. This leads to, among other things, induced currents and hence useful devices like transformers and inductors. 

Topics

1. Faraday’s Law, motional EMF, Lenz’s Law
2. Induced EMF, generators and motors
3. Self-Induction, mutual induction, energy in a magnetic field
4. Alternating current, RLC circuits, resonance
5. Impedance and impedance matching 

Videos

Watch the Virtual University video lectures 28, 29 here.

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems in the VU notes and here. Some solutions for the latter are here. Do not click on the solution (where given) until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 29 

This module will continue basic electrodynamics. After a brief introduction to Maxwell’s equations we will discuss electromagnetic waves and light. 

Topics

1. Displacement current, generalized Ampere’s Law
2. Maxwell’s equations
3. Electromagnetic waves, plane and spherical
4. Energy and momentum of EM waves
5. Basic optics
6. Blackbody radiation 

Videos

Watch the Virtual University video lectures 30, 31, 32 here.

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems in the VU notes and here. Some solutions for the latter can be found at Jewett’s book. Do not click on the solution (where given) until you have tried your level best else the purpose will be lost. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 30 

Modules 30-31 will be about waves and wave propagation. 

Topics

1. Discrete to continuous systems
2. Wave equation
3. Traveling waves, standing waves
4. Transfer of energy and information
5. Fourier series

 Videos

Watch and understand the following:

1. Introduction
2. Standing Waves
3. String Theory
4. Transfer of Energy and Information

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here. Use whatever reference you want on Fourier series.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems here. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 31

This module will be an introduction to special relativity. It will be more conceptual than mathematical so be sure to read from other sources and understand non-intuitive matters through as many examples that you can find else.

Topics

1. Measuring space and time, reference frames, Galilean transformations.
2. Einstein’s two postulates
3. Time dilation, length contraction.
4. The Lorentz transformation.
5. The relativity of simultaneity, the invariant interval.
6. Causality and its consequences. 

Videos

Watch and understand the Lectures 1,2,3 here. You may also want to watch VU lectures 39-40 at the same URL.

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here. Use whatever reference you want on Fourier series. 

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all relevant problems in the VU notes. The relativity chapter from Serway and Jewett is here and questions form there are here. Answers can be found in the book. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 32 

This module will continue with special relativity and cover kinematic aspects. 

Topics

1. The barn door problem
2. Velocity addition, Doppler shift
3. Time dilation, length contraction.
4. Notation in 4-D, scalars, vectors, tensors.
5. Energy and momentum.

Videos

Watch and understand the Lectures 4, 5, 6 here. You may also want to watch VU lectures 39-40 at the same URL. The barn door problem is here.

Notes

The parts you must read are here and here. 

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all relevant problems in the VU notes here. The relativity chapter from Serway and Jewett is here and questions from there are here. Answers can be found in the book. Questions from a university exam together with answers are here. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions, or perhaps a question that is closely similar to one of these.

Instructions for Module 33 

This module will conclude the special relativity section. It will require you to concentrate on specific applications and then proceed to the wider issue of giving Maxwell’s equations a relativistic form. 

Topics

1. Rest energy, kinetic energy, energy and momentum of photons
2. Transformation of mechanical relativistic quantities
3. Transformation of electromagnetic quantities

Videos

Watch and understand the Lectures 7, 8 here.

Notes

The notes you must read are here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems here. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions or a related question. You are encouraged to consult other books on electromagnetic theory.

Instructions for Module 34

This module will be an introduction to basic quantum mechanics.

Videos

Watch and understand lectures 1-4 on basic quantum mechanics 1-4 posted here.

Notes

The notes you must read are here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems here. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions or a related question. You are encouraged to consult other books on quantum mechanics.

Instructions for Module 35

This module will continue with basic concepts in quantum mechanics.

Videos

Watch and understand lectures 5, 6, 7, 8 on basic quantum mechanics posted here.

Notes

The notes you must read are here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems here. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions or a related question. You are encouraged to consult other books on quantum mechanics.

Instructions for Module 36

This module will focus on angular momentum, its quantization, and solving the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom.

Videos

Watch and understand lectures 9-12 on basic quantum mechanics posted here.

Notes

The notes you must read are here.

Exercises and Solutions

You must attempt all problems here. In the weekly test you could be asked by the examiners to solve any of these questions or a related question. You are encouraged to consult other books on quantum mechanics.

Instructions for Module 37 

This module will focus on atomic physics. More specifically, this week you will study:

1. Spin and fine structure in atoms.
2. Systems of identical particles
3. Molecular structure and spectra

The basic text is “Introduction to the Physics of Atoms, Molecules and Photons” (Libre Texts). Click here. You must read chaps 5, 6, 7. Note that this is web-based learning so please click on the links in the text to ensure that you do not miss essential materials.

During the weekly meetings you will be examined on all key points contained in the three prescribed chapters.

Instructions for Module 38

This module will focus on applications of atomic physics. More specifically, this week you will study:

1. Optical tweezers
2. Rydberg atoms
3. Bose Einstein condensates

Reading materials:

1. Optical Tweezers
2. Rydberg Atom
   Rydberg Lecture Presentation
3. Bose Einstein Condensation

During the weekly meetings you will be asked to present the concepts involved and will be examined on all key points contained in the prescribed readings.

Instructions for Module 39 

This module will focus on basic nuclear physics physics. More specifically, this week you will study:

1. Nuclear decays and radiation
2. The passage of particles through matter

Reading materials: You will read chapters 4,5 (click here) from Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics (2018) by Saverio D’Auria.

During the weekly meetings you will be asked to present the concepts involved and will be examined on all key points contained in the prescribed readings.

Instructions for Module 40

This module will focus on nuclear structure. More specifically, this week you will study:

1. Various models of nuclear structure (liquid drop, shell model, etc.)
2.  Nuclear decays
3. Basic nuclear astrophysics

Reading materials: You will read chapter 7 (click here) from Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics (2018) by Saverio D’Auria.

Problems: Work through the solved problems.

During the weekly meetings you will be asked to present the concepts involved and will be examined on all key points contained in the prescribed readings.

Instructions for Module 41 

The next several modules will be a gentle introduction to quantum information and quantum computers. You will be expected to master materials at the undergraduate level only.

We will use as textbook “Introduction to quantum physics and information processing” by Radhika Vathsan. Click here for the book.

This week’s assignment will cover the first three chapters. You must attempt the questions at the end of chapter 3.

During the weekly meetings you will be asked to present the concepts involved and will be examined on all key points contained in the prescribed reading.

Instructions for Module 42

The next several modules will be a gentle introduction to quantum information and quantum computers. You will be expected to master materials at the undergraduate level only.

We will use as textbook “Introduction to quantum physics and information processing” by Radhika Vathsan. Click here for the book.

This week’s assignment will cover chapter four. Because every step is important you must attempt the questions here.

During the weekly meetings you will be asked to present the concepts involved and will be examined on all key points contained in the prescribed reading.

Instructions for Module 43

The next several modules will deal with astrophysical objects. This module will begin with the elements of solar physics followed by a broad discussion of stars.

We will use as textbook “Introduction to Astronomy and Astrophysics” by Arnold Hanslmeier. Click here for the book.

This week’s assignment will cover chapter 7 and 8. Each chapter has solved questions whose answers you should be able to reproduce in class. Pay particular attention to the mathematics. During the weekly meetings you will be asked to present the concepts involved and will be examined on all key points contained in the prescribed reading.

Instructions for Module 44

This module will take a broad overview of the solar system; we have already studied the sun so it is time to study the planets, asteroids, comets, and all else in our neighborhood.

This week’s assignment will cover chapter 6 (attached here). Pay particular attention to the mathematics. During the weekly meetings you will be asked to present the concepts involved and will be examined on all key points contained in the prescribed reading.

Instructions for Module 45

This module will focus on stellar structure and the dynamics of energy production in stars. We will see what conditions give rise to white dwarfs, red giants, supernovae, and black holes.

This week’s assignment will cover chapter 10 (attached here). Pay particular attention to the mathematics. During the weekly meetings you will be asked to present the concepts involved and will be examined on all key points contained in the prescribed reading.

Instructions for Module 46

This module will focus on the universe at its largest scale and its evolution subsequent to the Big Bang.

This week’s assignment will cover chapter 15 (attached here). Pay particular attention to the mathematics. During the weekly meetings you will be asked to present the concepts involved and will be examined on all key points contained in the prescribed reading.

Instructions for Module 47

This module will focus on physics of the human body. Obviously this is too vast a subject to cover in a single day but we will try to do as much as possible.

All students will read Chap 1 of the attached textbook, Medical Physics by Harmut Zabel. This chapter gives an overview of body parts and their function.

We will cover much of the book with each student preparing and presenting one or two chapters (some chapters are connected). The list below will be followed.

1. Sawera Nadeem –Chapters 2,3 (body mechanics)
2. Huma Sabir – Chapters 6,7 (signal transmission and processing)
3. Aliya Yusuf – Chapter 13 (prosthetics)
4. Hussnain Sherazi – Chapters 8,9 (circulatory and respiratory systems)
5. Duaa Jamshed – Chapters 11,12 (vision and sound)

Please prepare PowerPoint presentations and use diagrams both from the book and Google Images.